Arthroscopic knee surgery

Arthroscopic knee surgery is a minimally invasive surgical technique used to diagnose and treat a wide range of knee problems. The procedure is performed through small incisions using a narrow camera called an arthroscope, which allows the surgeon to view the inside of the knee on a video monitor and treat damage with specialised instruments.

Compared to traditional open surgery, arthroscopy typically results in:

• Smaller incisions and minimal scarring
• Less postoperative pain and swelling
• Faster recovery and return to activity
• Lower risk of complications

Arthroscopic surgery is most commonly used to treat meniscal tears, cartilage damage, loose fragments and select ligament injuries.

Anatomy of the knee

The knee joint is formed by the thigh bone (femur), shin bone (tibia) and kneecap (patella). Several important structures work together to allow smooth movement and stability.

Key structures include:

• Meniscus: Shock-absorbing cartilage between the femur and tibia
• Articular cartilage: Smooth surface covering the ends of bones
• Ligaments: Provide stability to the joint
• Synovium: Lining that produces joint fluid

Damage to any of these structures can result in pain, swelling, locking or instability.

Meniscal tears and meniscal surgery

The meniscus is a C-shaped piece of cartilage that cushions and stabilises the knee. Each knee has a medial (inner) and lateral (outer) meniscus. Tears can occur suddenly due to twisting injuries or gradually due to age-related degeneration.

Symptoms of a meniscal tear

• Knee pain along the joint line
• Swelling or stiffness
• Catching or locking of the knee
• Pain with twisting or squatting

Cartilage damage of the knee

Articular cartilage is the smooth, white tissue that covers the ends of bones in the knee joint. It allows bones to glide effortlessly during movement. Unlike other tissues, cartilage has limited ability to heal on its own.

Causes of cartilage damage

• Traumatic injury
• Repetitive wear and tear
• Sports injuries
• Early arthritis

Symptoms may include deep knee pain, swelling, clicking or catching sensations.

Recovery and rehabilitation

Recovery after arthroscopic knee surgery depends on the specific procedure performed:

• Meniscectomy with faster recovery, often weeks
• Meniscal repair with longer recovery, often several months
• Microfracture with extended rehabilitation and strict protection

Physical therapy plays a key role in:

• Restoring motion
• Improving strength
• Protecting surgical repairs
• Guiding return to activity

Is arthroscopic knee surgery right for you?

Arthroscopic knee surgery may be recommended when symptoms persist despite non-surgical treatments such as rest, physical therapy, medications or injections. A thorough evaluation, including physical examination and imaging, helps determine the most appropriate treatment plan.