Cartilage damage
Cartilage damage in the knee is a common cause of pain, swelling and reduced movement. Cartilage plays a vital role in keeping the knee joint moving smoothly, and when it becomes damaged, everyday activities can become uncomfortable or difficult. Understanding cartilage knee damage can help you recognise symptoms early and seek appropriate care.
What is knee cartilage?
Cartilage is a smooth, flexible tissue that covers the ends of the bones inside the knee joint. It acts as a cushion and allows the bones to glide over one another with minimal friction. The knee contains two main types of cartilage:
- Articular cartilage, which covers the ends of the bones
- Meniscus cartilage, two C-shaped pads that provide shock absorption and stability
Damage to either type can affect knee function and cause pain.
Causes of cartilage knee damage
Cartilage damage can develop suddenly or gradually over time. Common causes include:
- Acute injuries such as twisting the knee, sudden stops or direct impact
- Sports-related trauma
- Repetitive stress or overuse
- Poor joint alignment
- Ageing and wear and tear
- Previous knee injuries or surgery
Because cartilage has limited ability to heal itself, damage may worsen if left untreated.
Symptoms of cartilage damage
Symptoms vary depending on the location and severity of the damage but may include:
- Knee pain, especially during movement or weight-bearing
- Swelling or stiffness
- A catching, locking or clicking sensation
- Reduced range of motion
- A feeling that the knee may “give way”
Symptoms may develop gradually or appear suddenly after an injury.
How cartilage damage is diagnosed
A healthcare professional may diagnose cartilage knee damage through:
- A physical examination
- Review of symptoms and injury history
- Imaging tests such as MRI scans
- X-rays, to rule out bone problems
Early diagnosis is important to prevent further joint deterioration.
Treatment options
Treatment depends on the severity of the damage, activity level and overall knee health. Options may include:
- Rest and activity modification
- Physical therapy to improve strength and joint stability
- Pain-relieving or anti-inflammatory medications
- Bracing or supportive devices
- Injections to reduce pain or inflammation
- Surgical procedures in more severe cases
The goal of treatment is to reduce pain, improve function and protect the joint from further damage.
Living with cartilage knee damage
Many people with cartilage knee damage are able to manage symptoms and stay active with the right treatment plan. Maintaining a healthy weight, strengthening the muscles around the knee and avoiding high-impact activities can help reduce stress on the joint.
When to seek medical advice
You should seek medical evaluation if knee pain persists, worsens or is accompanied by swelling, locking or instability. Early treatment can help preserve joint health and prevent long-term complications.