Knee arthritis
Knee arthritis is a common condition that affects millions of people worldwide. It can cause pain, stiffness and difficulty moving, making everyday activities like walking, climbing stairs or standing up more challenging. Understanding what knee arthritis is and how it’s managed is the first step toward living well with it.
What is knee arthritis?
Knee arthritis occurs when the cartilage that cushions the knee joint gradually wears down. Cartilage is a smooth, rubbery tissue that helps bones glide over one another. This is known as chondral cartilage which covers the bone. In addition, between the chondral cartilages are two structures termed menisci which provide further support. When it breaks down, the bones can rub together, leading to pain, swelling and reduced mobility.
Arthritis is a process with various grades of severity. It is classified as grade 0 to 4, with 4 being the most severe where the knee joint has worn to bone on bone. The first stages are softening of the cartilage associated with meniscal tears and chondral cartilage thinning.
The knee is one of the most commonly affected joints because it bears much of the body’s weight and is used constantly throughout the day.
Types of knee arthritis
There are several types of arthritis that can affect the knee:
-
Osteoarthritis
The most common type. It develops over time due to wear and tear on the joint and is more common with ageing. -
Rheumatoid arthritis
An autoimmune condition where the immune system attacks the joint lining, causing inflammation and damage. -
Post-traumatic arthritis
Arthritis that develops after a knee injury, such as a fracture or ligament tear. -
Septic arthritis
Arthritis of the joint that can result from a previous episode of infection in the joint.
Common symptoms
Symptoms of knee arthritis can vary from mild to severe and may include:
- Knee pain during or after movement
- Stiffness, especially in the morning or after sitting
- Swelling or tenderness around the knee
- Reduced range of motion
- A grinding or clicking sensation
- Knee instability or weakness
Symptoms often worsen over time if not managed.
What causes knee arthritis?
Several factors can increase the risk of developing knee arthritis, including:
- Ageing
- Previous knee injuries
- Excess body weight, which increases stress on the knee joint
- Repetitive stress on the knee
- Genetics
- Certain autoimmune conditions
How is knee arthritis diagnosed?
Mr Pavlou may diagnose knee arthritis using the following methods:
- A physical examination
- A review of symptoms and medical history
- Imaging tests such as X-rays or MRIs
- Blood tests, to identify inflammatory or autoimmune causes
Treatment and management options
While there is no cure for knee arthritis, many treatments can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life:
- Lifestyle changes such as weight management and low-impact exercise
- Physical therapy to strengthen muscles and improve flexibility
- Medications to reduce pain and inflammation
- Supportive devices like knee braces or orthotics
- Injections in some cases to relieve pain
- Surgery, including knee replacement, for severe cases
Treatment plans are individualised based on symptoms, lifestyle and overall health.
Living with knee arthritis
Many people with knee arthritis continue to live active, fulfilling lives. Staying informed, working closely with healthcare providers and maintaining healthy movement habits can make a significant difference in managing symptoms.
When to seek medical advice
If knee pain persists, worsens or interferes with daily activities, it’s important to consult a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and guidance.
Further information
More information for patients can be found at the following link from Arthritis UK: